Therefore, environmental contamination remains a big issue worldwide, while common solutions should be identified and implemented considering SWM patterns appropriate for each context. However, many barriers still remain for improving formal collection, treatment and final disposal. Many studies reported possible solutions for improving the SWM in developing countries, such as organic waste buyback programs, with compost or biogas production, implementation of waste-to-energy plans and technologies, waste-to-energy in parallel with recycling of glass, metals, and other inert, production of energy from biomass waste by making briquettes, involvement of the integration of waste pickers with legal incentives, among others. In particular, the global waste management goals for improving sustainability at global level are: to ensure, by 2020, access for all to adequate, safe and affordable SW collection services to stop uncontrolled dumping and open burning to achieve sustainable and environmentally sound management of all wastes, particularly hazardous ones, by 2030. The principles of sustainable development were introduced within the sustainable development goals (SDGs), where 17 objectives were introduced for reducing poverty, improving social equality, decreasing environmental pollution and ameliorating city livability. The material footprint of developing countries grew from 5 t inh в€’1 in 2000 to 9 t inh в€’1 in 2017, representing a significant growing in living standards, although its sustainable management is not still included in national regulations. Therefore, SW mismanagement is cause of sever and various environmental and social impacts, which do not allow improvements in sustainable development.ДЄchieving both economic growth and sustainable development involves reduction plans of the global ecological footprint, changing the way of produce-consume-waste of goods and resources. Uncontrolled disposal generates serious heavy metals pollution occurring in the water, soil, and plants, open burning is cause of CO, CO 2, SO, NO, PM 10 and other pollutant emissions that affect the atmosphere, waste picking within open dump sites pose to serious health risk people working on these areas, release of SW in water bodies improve the marine litter globally, enhancing environmental contamination. However, both suffer negative economic legislatives, political, technical and operational limitations. Differences should be highlighted between developing big cities and rural areas, where management issues are different, specifically regarding the amount of waste generated and the SW management (SWM) facilities available. Attention should be paid in developing and transition countries, where the unsustainable management of SW is common. Solid waste (SW) mismanagement is a global issue in terms of environmental contamination, social inclusion, and economic sustainability, which requires integrated assessments and holistic approaches for its solution. The results and case studies presented can be of reference for scholars and stakeholders for quantifying the comprehensive impacts and for planning integrated solid waste collection and treatment systems, for improving sustainability at a global level. This narrative literature review assessed global issues due to different waste fractions showing how several sources of pollution are affecting the environment, population health, and sustainable development. Many reviews were published in the scientific literature about specific waste streams, in order to quantify its effect on the environment. Results reported that the environmental impacts are pervasive worldwide: marine litter, air, soil and water contamination, and the direct interaction of waste pickers with hazardous waste are the most important issues. The activity of the informal sector in developing cities was also reviewed, focusing on the main health risks due to waste scavenging. This paper reviews the main impacts due to waste mismanagement in developing countries, focusing on environmental contamination and social issues. Open dumping and open burning are the main implemented waste treatment and final disposal systems, mainly visible in low-income countries. Environmental contamination due to solid waste mismanagement is a global issue.

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